Scenarios

1. 1

   Consent: central line with a family decision-maker

   Explain central line benefits, risks and alternatives, explore family concerns and patient values, check understanding, and clarify a voluntary next step.

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2. 2

   Consent: emergency intubation with a family decision-maker

   Explain urgent breathing support, benefits, risks and delay, acknowledge family distress, and confirm an informed decision while emergency care continues.

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3. 3

   Consent: knee steroid injection

   Explain the knee injection, compare benefits, risks and alternatives, explore treatment preferences, check understanding, and agree on a decision and follow-up.

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4. 4

   Consent: lumbar puncture

   Explain lumbar puncture benefits, risks, alternatives and aftercare, address the patient’s fears, check understanding, and support a voluntary decision.

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5. 5

   Consent: paracentesis for comfort

   Explain abdominal fluid drainage, explore the patient’s comfort goals and treatment fatigue, discuss tradeoffs, and confirm understanding and a voluntary decision.

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6. 6

   Consent: thoracentesis with hearing support

   Explain drainage of fluid around the lung, discuss risks and alternatives, adapt to hearing needs, check understanding, and agree on next steps.

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7. 7

   Consent: blood transfusion

   Explain transfusion benefits, risks and alternatives, address blood-supply concerns, check understanding, and support an informed choice with continued care.

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